The tech companies who created 996 culture tend to be based in big cities, and their work practices have influenced other sectors. In China, a national survey in 2018 showed that 60% of people born after 1990 were not getting enough sleep, and that those living in the biggest cities suffered the most. People cited various reasons for this shortfall, including stress and their sleeping environment, but 37% blamed their hectic work or school schedule. The 2019 Phillips Global Sleep Survey, which received more than 11,000 responses from 12 countries, showed that 62% of adults worldwide feel they don’t get enough sleep, averaging 6.8 hours on a weeknight compared to the recommended amount of eight hours. A few hours of ‘own time’ is necessary to survive.”Įxperts have long warned that insufficient sleep is an unheeded global public-health epidemic. In a reply ‘liked’ more than 4,500 times, Twitter user Kenneth Kwok tweeted: “Typical 8 to 8 in office, arrive home after dinner and shower it’s 10 p.m., probably won’t just go to sleep and repeat the same routine. She described the phenomenon as when “people who don’t have much control over their daytime life refuse to sleep early in order to regain some sense of freedom during late-night hours”. The phrase, which could also be translated as ‘retaliatory staying up late’, spread rapidly on Twitter in June after a post by journalist Daphne K Lee. Rao was doing what the Chinese have called ‘bàofùxìng áoyè’ – or ‘revenge bedtime procrastination’. Often, Rao would stay up surfing the internet, reading the news and watching online videos until well after midnight. “I was deprived of all my personal life.” After her shift, which sometimes included overtime, she had a small window to eat, shower and go to bed – but she sacrificed sleep to eke out some personal time. Rao, who is originally from Nanjing, moved to financial hub Shanghai about five years ago to work for a multinational pharmaceutical company. The views expressed herein are those of the authors and do not necessarily reflect the views of the National Bureau of Economic Research.Emma Rao spent almost three years on China’s notorious ‘ 996 schedule’: working from nine in the morning to nine in the evening, six days a week. We benefited from discussion with Domenico De Palo, David Dickinson, Daniel Hamermesh, Ben Handel, David Huffman, Gautam Rao, Silvia Saccardo, Frank Schilbach, Sally Sadoff, Heather Schofield, Jeffrey Shrader, Justin Sydnor, Severine Toussaert, and Lise Vesterlund. We thank participants to seminars at the University of Pittsburgh, University of Rome 2 Tor Vergata, University of Milano Statale, Maastricht University, the Nuffield Centre for Experimental Social Sciences, the Pittsburgh Experimental Economics Lab, the Circadian Rhythms and Sleep Conference Grands, the Advances in Field Experiments Conference, the Workshop on Risky Health Behaviors, the American- European Health Study Group, the IV Workshop on Behavioral and Experimental Health Economics, the Center for Health Incentives and Behavioral Economics (CHIBE) Roybal Retreat, and the Maastricht Behavioral and Experimental Economics Symposium. Transportation Economics in the 21st Century.Training Program in Aging and Health Economics.The Roybal Center for Behavior Change in Health.Retirement and Disability Research Center.Measuring the Clinical and Economic Outcomes Associated with Delivery Systems.Improving Health Outcomes for an Aging Population.Early Indicators of Later Work Levels, Disease and Death.Conference on Research in Income and Wealth.Boosting Grant Applications from Faculty at MSIs.Productivity, Innovation, and Entrepreneurship. International Finance and Macroeconomics.
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